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<title>Class discrimination</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Class discrimination</span></span>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<li><a href="Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li>

<li>Class</li>

<li><a href="Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li>

<li><a href="Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li>

<li><a href="Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li>

<li><a href="Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li>

<li><a href="Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li>

<li><a href="Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li>

<li><a href="Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a>

<ul><li><a href="Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li>

<li><a href="Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li>

<li><a href="Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li>

<li><a href="Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li>

<li><a href="Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a>

<ul><li><a href="Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Misogynoir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li>

<li><a href="Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li>

<li><a href="Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a>

<li><a href="Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a>

<li><a href="Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li>

<li><a href="Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Religious_exemption" title="Religious exemption">Religious exemption</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_persecution#Persecution_of_non-believers_or_irreligion" title="Religious persecution">Persecution of non-believers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious censorship</a></li>

<li>In Islam

<ul><li><a href="Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li>

<li><a href="Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">In China</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race or ethnicity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Hazara_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hazara sentiment">Hazara</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a>

<ul><li><a href="Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Haitian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Haitian sentiment">Haitian</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Indonesian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indonesian sentiment">Indonesian</a></li>

<li>Indigenous people

<ul><li><a href="Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Israel_sentiment" title="Anti-Israel sentiment">Israeli</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li>

<li><a href="Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Khmer_sentiment" title="Anti-Khmer sentiment">Khmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li>

<li><a href="Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li>

<li><a href="Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li>

<li><a href="Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li>

<li><a href="Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li>

<li><a href="High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li>

<li><a href="Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li>

<li><a href="Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a>

<ul><li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li>

<li><a href="Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a>

<ul><li><a href="Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li>

<li><a href="Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li>

<li><a href="International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a>

<ul><li><a href="LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a>

<ul><li><a href="Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li>

<li><a href="Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a>

<ul><li><a href="Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a>

<ul><li><a href="Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li>

<li><a href="Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li>

<li><a href="Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li>

<li><a href="Selective_enforcement" title="Selective enforcement">Selective enforcement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li>

<li><a href="White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li>

<li><a href="White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Apartheid</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">in South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">in Israel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li>

<li><a href="Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li>

<li><a href="Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a>

<ul><li><a href="Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li>

<li><a href="Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li>

<li><a href="Protecting_Women's_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li>

<li><a href="Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_LGBTQ_rights" title="Opposition to LGBTQ rights">Opposition to LGBTQ rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li>

<li><a href="Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li>

<li><a href="Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a>

<li><a href="Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a>

<li><a href="Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a>

<ul><li><a href="Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">in Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li>

<li><a href="State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li>

<li><a href="White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li>

<li><a href="Autism_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Diversity%2C_equity%2C_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li>

<li><a href="Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>

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<li><a href="History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li>

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<li><a href="Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li>

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<li><a href="Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li>

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</style></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Class discrimination</b>, also known as <b>classism</b>, is <a href="Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> or <a href="Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> on the basis of <a href="Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>. It includes individual attitudes, behaviors, systems of policies and practices that are set up to benefit the <a href="Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> at the expense of the <a href="Under_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Under class">lower class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Social class refers to the grouping of individuals in a hierarchy based on wealth, income, education, occupation, and social network.

</p><p>Studies show an intersection between class discrimination and <a href="Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislation shows efforts to reduce such intersections and classism at an individual level.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Class structures existed in a simplified form in pre-agricultural societies, but it has evolved into a more complex and established structure following the establishment of permanent agriculture-based civilizations with a food surplus.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Segregation into classes was accomplished through observable traits (such as race or profession) that were accorded varying statuses and privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feudal classification systems might include merchant, serf, peasant, warrior, priestly, and noble classes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rankings were far from invariant with the merchant class in Europe outranking the peasantry, while merchants were explicitly inferior to peasants during the <a href="Tokugawa_Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa Shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a> in Japan. Other prominent forms of classism include India's caste system, where caste and class often intersected and caused discrimination against certain peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Modern classism, with less rigid class structures, is harder to identify. In a professional association posting, psychologist Thomas Fuller-Rowell states, "Experiences of [class] discrimination are often subtle rather than blatant, and the exact reason for unfair treatment is often not clear to the victim."<sup id="cite_ref-APS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intersections_with_other_systems_of_oppression">Intersections with other systems of oppression</h2></div>

<p>Both gender and racial inequality intersect with class discrimination, influencing economic opportunities and social mobility for marginalized groups.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Class discrimination and gender inequality intersect by shaping economic disparities that disproportionately affect women, particularly those in lower-income groups.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research indicates that women are more likely to be employed in low-wage and part-time jobs, limiting their financial security and career advancement opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupational segregation, where women are overrepresented in sectors such as caregiving and retail, contributes to persistent wage gaps.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, as of 2022, Black women make up 6% of employed workers but are 32% of home aids, where they earn on average $23,803 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women constitute nearly two-thirds of workers in the 20 occupations with the lowest median wages for full-time, year-round employees.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, economic barriers can exacerbate gender inequality in access to education and leadership positions, reinforcing systemic disadvantages.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Similarly, the intersection of class and racial discrimination manifests in economic disparities that disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies show that historical and structural barriers, including discriminatory labor policies and unequal access to education, contribute to income inequality among marginalized groups.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racial minorities are more likely to experience employment precarity and wage suppression, leading to reduced economic mobility compared to their white counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Furthermore, racism persists within poor communities, including those with predominantly Black populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often characterized as symbolic racism, where negative stereotypes associate Black individuals with social threats or anti-normative behavior (e.g., involvement in drugs or robbery), which is used to justify social exclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of racism can exist even among people of similar low socioeconomic status, suggesting it may stem from symbolic competition and social categorization rather than solely from direct competition for economic resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poverty itself functions as a discriminatory label, often intertwined with perceptions of social class and skin color. Individuals identified as beneficiaries of social policies (a marker of low-income status) report experiencing discrimination from non-beneficiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals experiencing poverty may face various forms of discrimination but might not always identify racism as the specific cause, especially when dealing with multiple overlapping disadvantages. Both explicit and subtle forms of racism are reported.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutional_versus_personal_classism">Institutional versus personal classism</h2></div>

<p>The term classism can refer to personal prejudice (an individual's inclination to judge or treat others negatively based on their own rigid beliefs or emotions rather than objective evidence or critical reflection<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) against lower classes as well as to institutional classism (the ways in which intentional and unintentional classism is manifest in the various institutions of our society<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Similarly, the term <a href="Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> can refer either strictly to personal prejudice or to <a href="Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">institutional racism</a>. The latter has been defined as "the ways in which conscious or unconscious classism is manifest in the various institutions of our society".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As with social classes, the difference in social status between people determines how they behave toward each other and the prejudices they likely hold toward each other. People of higher status do not generally mix with lower-status people and often are able to control other people's activities by influencing laws and social standards.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term "interpersonal" is sometimes used in place of "personal" as in "institutional classism (versus) interpersonal classism"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and terms such as "attitude" or "attitudinal" may replace "interpersonal" as contrasting with institutional classism as in the Association of Magazine Media's definition of classism as "any attitude or institutional practice which subordinates people due to income, occupation, education and/or their economic condition".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Classism is also sometimes broken down into more than two categories as in "personal, institutional and cultural" classism.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common knowledge in sociolinguistics that meta-social language abounds in lower registers, thus the slang for various classes or racial castes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structural_positions">Structural positions</h2></div>

<p>Schüssler Fiorenza describes interdependent "stratifications of gender, race, class, religion, <a href="Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">heterosexualism</a>, and age" as <i>structural positions</i><sup id="cite_ref-fiorenza_2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiorenza_2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assigned at birth. She suggests that people inhabit several positions, and that positions with privilege become nodal points through which other positions are experienced. For example, in a context where gender is the primary privileged position (e.g. <a href="Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>, <a href="Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchy</a>), gender becomes the nodal point through which sexuality, race, and class are experienced. In a context where class is the primary privileged position (i.e. <a href="Classism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classism">classism</a>), gender and race are experienced through class dynamics. Fiorenza stresses that <a href="Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">kyriarchy</a> is not a hierarchical system as it does not focus on one point of domination. Instead, it is described as a "complex pyramidal system" with those on the bottom of the pyramid experiencing the "full power of kyriarchal oppression". The kyriarchy is recognized as the <a href="Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>, and therefore, its oppressive structures may not be recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-fiorenza_2009_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiorenza_2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reed-bouley_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reed-bouley-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Building on this, Deborah King's concept of <i>multiple jeopardy</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides further insight into how these oppressions interact in multiplicative rather than merely additive ways. King argues that intersecting systems of race, gender, and class discrimination do not simply add up to a triple burden but rather compound and intensify each other, creating unique conditions of subjugation. Thus, in the kyriarchal system, positions of oppression do not act independently but rather reinforce one another in specific, context-dependent ways. For instance, while Black women historically endured both racial and gendered violence, they also suffered from exploitation tied to class dynamics, with their labor and reproduction contributing directly to economic structures of enslavement. The importance of any one axis (e.g., race, class, or gender) in determining conditions for marginalized individuals varies according to context, further highlighting the nuanced and contextually bound nature of oppression.

</p><p>To maintain this system, kyriarchy relies on the creation of a servant class, race, gender, or people. The position of this class is reinforced through "education, socialization, and brute violence and <a href="Malestream" title="Malestream">malestream</a> rationalization".<sup id="cite_ref-fiorenza_2009_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiorenza_2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tēraudkalns suggests that these structures of oppression are self-sustained by <a href="Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">internalized oppression</a>; those with relative power tend to remain in power, while those without tend to remain disenfranchised.<sup id="cite_ref-teraudkalns_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teraudkalns-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, structures of oppression amplify and feed into each other,<sup id="cite_ref-reed-bouley_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reed-bouley-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intensifying and altering the forms of discrimination experienced by those in different social positions.

</p><p>In the <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>, <a href="Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> workers and local nationals are given better treatment or are preferred,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illustrating how institutional biases based on class and nationality create compounded disadvantages for other groups. This layered and compounding nature of oppression supports King's argument that intersecting systems of discrimination operate together, reinforcing complex patterns of privilege and subjugation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_representation">Media representation</h2></div>

<p>Class discrimination can be seen in many different forms of media such as television shows, films and social media.

</p><p>Classism is also systemic,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its implications can go unnoticed in the media that is consumed by society. Class discrimination in the media displays the knowledge of what people feel and think about classism. When seeing class discrimination in films and television shows, people are influenced and believe that is how things are in real life, for whatever class is being displayed. Children can be exposed to class discrimination through movies, with a large pool of high-grossing G-rated movies portraying classism in various contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children may develop biases at a young age that shape their beliefs throughout their lifetime, which would demonstrate the issues with class discrimination being prevalent in the media.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Media has a big influence on the world today, with that something such as classism is can be seen in many different lights. Media plays an important role in how certain groups of people are perceived, which can make certain biases stronger.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, the lower income people are displayed in the media as dirty, lacking education and manners, and homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People can use the media to learn more about different social classes<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to influence others on what they believe, through social media.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, people who are in a social class that is portrayed negatively by the media are affected in school and social life since "teenagers who grew up in poverty reported higher levels of discrimination, and the poorer the teens were, the more they experienced discrimination".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, within media analysis, class as a specific variable is often less emphasized than race or gender.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media itself frequently lacks clear definitions for class categories, sometimes conflating the working class with the broader middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complex issues pertinent to the working class tend to be underreported unless linked to specific news beats like crime or major crises.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poor often experience "benign neglect" in media, frequently being represented as impersonal statistics rather than individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When depicted individually, portrayals can be negative, emphasizing stereotypes related to deviance (alcoholism, drug abuse, crime, mental illness) or dependency, often without addressing underlying structural issues. More sympathetic framing tends to be reserved for specific demographics (children, elderly, physically ill) or situations (holidays, disasters).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research cited indicates a tendency to overrepresent African Americans in negative poverty narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When not ignored, the working class is often subjected to stereotypical and caricatured representations.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common tropes include the working-class man as a buffoon (incompetent, immature, needing guidance from a more sensible wife) or a bigot, prevalent in many television sitcoms (e.g., The Honeymooners, All in the Family, The Simpsons).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derogatory labels associated with lower-class status, such as "white trash," are sometimes used or amplified by media coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working-class women might be depicted as lacking refinement or violating middle-class standards of femininity.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2></div>

<p>There are legislative measures that aim to prevent discrimination and ensure equal opportunities for all individuals, regardless of class background.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several laws protect individuals from discrimination based on race, gender, religion, and national origin, indirectly addressing class disparities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Policies such as the <a href="Fair_Labor_Standards_Act_of_1938" title="Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938">Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938</a> (FLSA), is a U.S. federal law that establishes labor standards for employees, primarily focusing on minimum wage, overtime pay, child labor, and recordkeeping.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FLSA was originally designed as a tool to reduce class inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employers are set to pay a minimum wage, which has changed over time. With an increase from $5.85 to $7.25 per hours in stages, taking place from 2007 to 2009. However, employees working more than 40 hours per week must receive overtime pay at 1.5 times their regular pay rate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act of 1963</a> (EPA) aimed to eliminate gender-based disparities by mandating equal pay for equal work.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the EPA did not include provisions for a living wage or broader labor protections, leaving many workers earning wages insufficient to meet basic living standards.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, also includes protections against discrimination, including on the basis of social class.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, Article 14 of the Convention prohibits discrimination on a variety of grounds, including "social origin," which is interpreted to encompass class background.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Earned_income_tax_credit" title="Earned income tax credit">Earned Income Tax Credit</a> is described as a program for families of the working poor earning below a specified income threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article, citing a 2000 IRS source related to earned income, reports that in 1997, this program lost $7.8 billion due to factors identified as "fraud and errors".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It further states that these funds, which could have benefited the working poor, were consequently unavailable to them due to mismanagement and theft.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li>

<li><a href="Baby_Scoop_Era" title="Baby Scoop Era">Baby Scoop Era</a></li>

<li><a href="Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">Caste system</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Debtors'_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors' prison</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_stratification" title="Economic stratification">Economic stratification</a></li>

<li><a href="Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li>

<li><a href="Legacy_preferences" title="Legacy preferences">Legacy preferences</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li>

<li><a href="Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Rankism" title="Rankism">Rankism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">Social inequality</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Bowker, Geoffrey C., and Susan Leigh Star. <i>Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences</i>. MIT Press, 1999.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCapuano" class="citation web cs1">Capuano, Angelo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLawJl/2016/3.pdf">"Giving Meaning to 'Social Origin' in International Labour Organization ('ILO') Conventions, the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth): 'Class' Discrimination and Its Relevance to the Australian Context"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite> (2016) 39(1) <a href="University_of_New_South_Wales_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="University of New South Wales Law Journal">University of New South Wales Law Journal</a> 84. <a href="SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2771056">2771056</a></li>

<li><i>A People's History of the United States</i> by <a href="Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a>.</li>

<li>Hill, Marcia, and Esther Rothblum. Classism and Feminist Therapy: Counting Costs. New York: Haworth Press, 1996.</li>

<li><a href="Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks, bell</a>. Where we stand: class matters. New York & London: Routledge, 2000.</li>

<li>Gans, Herbert. The War Against the Poor, 1996.</li>

<li>Homan, Jacqueline S. Classism For Dimwits. Pennsylvania: Elf Books, 2007/2009.</li>

<li>Packard, Vance. Status Seekers, 1959.</li>

<li>Beegle, Donna M. See Poverty - Be the Difference, 2009.</li>

<li><a href="Betsy_Leondar-Wright" title="Betsy Leondar-Wright">Leondar-Wright, Betsy</a>. Class Matters: Cross-Class Alliance Building for Middle-Class Activists: New Society Publishers, 2005.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Class_discrimination" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Class_discrimination" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></b></i>.</div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination427" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discrimination427" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li>

<li><a href="Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li>

<li><a href="Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li>

<li><a href="Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">